Kyle J. Gentleman
SPOTLIGHT
Video
Projects
The YouTube Journey
In production
On my journey toward becoming involved in documentary production, I have chosen to create video content for YouTube. I aim to utilize this platform for three key purposes:A) To build a portfolio,
B) To seize the opportunity to educate, inspire, and communicate, and
C) To hone the skills essential for video production.The foundation of my channel rests on three core topics: Natural History, Communication, and Documentary Production. I eagerly anticipate producing content that not only enhances my own abilities but also provides value to the audience.I am not a proponent of the way YouTube often prioritizes optimization and the culture of fast entertainment. Instead, my goal is to offer content that is both engaging and educational, all while reflecting my personal values. I am committed to creating captivating content that leaves viewers with a sense of fulfillment rather than the unfortunate feeling of time wasted.If you're curious to explore my videos, please click the channel link below and join me on this exciting new journey.
Der Malerweg: The Way of the Painter
In production
The Malerweg is a hiking trail which explores some of the most beautiful and iconic locations within the incredible Saxon Switzerland National Park in Germany. The trail takes its name from the various artists who passed through it and captured, in paint, the history, ecology, geology and art of the time. 'Der Malerweg: The way of the Painter' is an eight-part documentary series which aims to highlight the significance of this trail, as well as the wonder therein contained.This project will be made in English with German subtitles and possibly voice-over. In doing so, we hope this national treasure can be enjoyed both domestically and abroad.
The Double Vision Podcast
In production
The Double Vision podcast was conceived by myself and my great friend Joanna in 2019, and brought to life through the University of Southampton's student radio, Surge. The podcast now exists on both Spotify and YouTube and aims to address one of the biggest issues in the music listening experience - repetitiveness. Joanna and I share several songs, relevant to the episode theme, to open ourselves up to music we may have otherwise never heard. If you're curious about the podcast, please visit us via the social media links below and if you have any feedback for us, please send us a message on either Instagram or Discord.
Aus Großbritannien nach Deutschland: Eine kulturelle Reise
Wenn ich über meine Erfahrungen beim Umzug aus Großbritannien nach Deutschland nachdenke, wird mir klar, welch tiefgreifenden Einfluss die kulturelle Identität auf meine Integrationsreise hatte. Ich persönlich glaube, dass die kulturelle Identität eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Gestaltung unseres Selbst- und Zugehörigkeitsgefühls spielt, insbesondere wenn wir uns einer neuen Kultur zuwenden. Sie wird zu einem Kompass, der mich durch die Komplexität der Anpassung an eine andere Umgebung führt und gleichzeitig meine Verbindung zu meinen britischen Wurzeln bewahrt. Das hat mich dazu gebracht, Fragen zu stellen wie: Was ist die britische Kultur? So oft erkennen wir, dass wir eine kulturelle Identität haben, aber wir können nicht definieren, was das für uns ist, geschweige denn für ein ganzes Land. Dieser Moment der Selbstreflexion verdeutlichte die Komplexität der kulturellen Identität und die Herausforderung, ihr Wesen vollständig zu erfassen. Mir wurde klar, dass die Annahme einer neuen Kultur meine Verbindung zu meinen britischen Kultur nicht schmälert, sondern mich vielmehr dazu einlädt, die reiche Vielfalt der Kulturen in der Welt zu erkunden und zu schätzen.Als ich den Entschluss fasste, mich voll und ganz auf die deutsche Kultur einzulassen, wusste ich, dass es nicht leicht sein würde, meine bisherige kulturelle Identität loszulassen. Ich musste mich auf neue Traditionen, Bräuche und sogar eine andere Sprache einlassen. Manchmal fühlte ich eine gewisse Distanz und Nostalgie gegenüber den vertrauten Aspekten meines britischen Erbes. Dennoch bin ich der festen Überzeugung, dass echte Integration Offenheit und die Bereitschaft erfordert, tief in eine neue Kultur einzutauchen. Indem ich mich voll und ganz auf die neue Kultur eingelassen habe, konnte ich lernen, wachsen und ein tiefes Verständnis für die deutsche Gesellschaft entwickeln.Während meiner Zeit in Deutschland sind mir zahlreiche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen der deutschen und der britischen Kultur aufgefallen. Höflichkeit ist ein Aspekt, der mir besonders auffiel. Die Deutschen legen in der Kommunikation eher Wert auf Direktheit und Effizienz, was im Gegensatz zu meiner tief verwurzelten britischen Höflichkeit steht. Allerdings muss ich zugeben, dass ich auch als Engländer die Geradlinigkeit zu schätzen weiß. So ist mir zum Beispiel aufgefallen, dass die Deutschen statt meiner anfänglichen Gewohnheit, in den ersten Monaten "Ich hätte gern ein Schinkenbrötchen bitte" zu sagen, oft ein prägnanteres "ein Schinkenbrötchen bitte" wählen. Trotzdem halte ich hartnäckig daran fest, so oft wie möglich "bitte" zu sagen, denn es gibt Gewohnheiten, von denen man sich nur schwer trennen kann.Ein weiterer interessanter kultureller Vergleich ist die Komödie. Meiner bescheidenen Meinung nach hat die britische Komödie zweifelsohne die Oberhand. Allerdings muss ich die Brillanz von Sendungen wie "Stromburg" anerkennen. Der stereotype britische Sinn für Komödie ist oft trocken und stark sarkastisch, was ihn von anderen unterscheidet.Da Fußball ein wichtiger Teil meiner Kindheit war, nahm ich eine Einladung zu einem Spiel von Dynamo Dresden an. Es war eine bemerkenswerte Erfahrung, die mich an eine Gladiatoren-Arena erinnerte, mit einem Gefühl der Einheit und Fröhlichkeit, das ich sehr genoss. Allerdings hatte das Erlebnis auch einen bittersüßen Beigeschmack. Zu Beginn des Spiels wurde ich Zeuge von Personen mit Sturmhauben, die Feuerwerkskörper abfeuerten und Leuchtraketen zündeten, bevor sie eilig die Szene verließen. Und nach einer unglücklichen Niederlage verbrannten einige Fans Flaggen und andere Utensilien. Dennoch konnte ich nicht umhin zu erkennen, dass es diesen gemeinsamen Aspekt der Kultur auch in Großbritannien gibt.
Und schließlich spielt das Essen aufgrund der geografischen Nähe und der ähnlichen Klimazonen sowohl in der britischen als auch in der deutschen Kultur eine wichtige Rolle. Fleisch, Kartoffeln und Brot sind feste Bestandteile unserer Ernährung und unserer Nationalgerichte. Die Überschneidungen in den kulinarischen Vorlieben zwischen unseren Nationen sind offensichtlich und schaffen ein Gefühl der Vertrautheit inmitten der Unterschiede.Der Prozess der vollständigen Integration in die deutsche Kultur birgt sicherlich seine Herausforderungen. Es gab Momente, in denen ich mich fragte, ob ich den Kontakt zu meiner britischen Identität verliere. Ich habe jedoch erkannt, dass kulturelle Integration nicht bedeutet, dass man seine Wurzeln völlig aufgibt. Es geht darum, ein empfindliches Gleichgewicht zwischen der Annahme der neuen Kultur und der Bewahrung der grundlegenden Aspekte meiner britischen Identität zu finden, die für mich von Bedeutung sind. Dieses Gleichgewicht ist für die persönliche Entwicklung von entscheidender Bedeutung, da es ein differenzierteres Verständnis dessen ermöglicht, wer ich bin - eine Mischung aus meinem britischen Erbe und den in Deutschland gemachten Erfahrungen.Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die kulturelle Identität eine wesentliche Rolle auf meinem Weg der Integration in die deutsche Kultur gespielt hat. Sie hat mir ein Gefühl für mich selbst gegeben und mich durch den Prozess der Anpassung geführt. Obwohl die Aufgabe meiner früheren kulturellen Identität eine Herausforderung darstellte, bin ich der festen Überzeugung, dass es eine transformative Erfahrung ist, eine neue Kultur anzunehmen und eine Harmonie zwischen dem Alten und dem Neuen zu finden. Ich bin unendlich dankbar für den fortlaufenden Prozess der Integration in die deutsche Kultur, bei dem die positiven Erfahrungen die negativen bei weitem überwiegen. Er hat meinen Horizont erweitert, mir neue Perspektiven eröffnet und es mir ermöglicht, einen Beitrag zu einer vernetzten globalen Gemeinschaft zu leisten, in der Menschen trotz kultureller Unterschiede zueinander finden können.
science & technology
Diagnosing the Dead: Tutankhamun
Thursday 5 January 2023 | 10-15 minute read
Unveiling the Origins of Civilization: Decoding the Domestication of Animals
Thursday 25 May 2023 | 5-10 minute read
Unveiling the Origins of Civilization: Decoding the Domestication of Animals
Thursday 25 May 2023 | 5-10 minute read
Anthropology, often dubbed the "science of humanity," encompasses the multidisciplinary study of human evolution, culture, and society. In tracing the most impactful development in human history, the emergence of agriculture stands as a cornerstone of modern civilization. However, an often-overlooked aspect of this transformative era is the domestication of animals, a unique phenomenon exclusive to human beings. This article explores the significance of animal domestication and delves into the methodologies employed by researchers to identify and understand the domestication process through analyzing animal remains.
The Primacy of Agriculture in Shaping Civilization
The advent of agriculture marked a pivotal turning point in human history, enabling communities to shift from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agricultural societies. Agriculture brought about a surplus of food, leading to population growth, specialization of labor, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the rise of complex social structures. However, the development of agriculture alone does not capture the full scope of the transformative changes that occurred during this period.
Unveiling the Domestication of Animals
Animal domestication emerged as a complementary and interconnected development alongside the rise of agriculture. Domestication refers to the process through which humans selectively breed and control the reproduction of animals, transforming their behavior, physiology, and genetic makeup to better serve human needs. The domestication of animals played a crucial role in shaping agricultural societies, providing valuable resources such as labor, transportation, wool, milk, and meat.
Determining Animal Domestication
Unraveling the origins of animal domestication is a complex task that requires interdisciplinary approaches, combining archaeological, genetic, and behavioral evidence. Researchers employ various techniques to identify the domestication process and differentiate between wild and domesticated animal remains.One prominent approach is the study of morphological changes in skeletal remains. Domesticated animals often exhibit distinctive traits, such as reductions in body size, alterations in horn and tusk morphology, and changes in dental characteristics. These skeletal modifications result from selective breeding and captivity-induced environmental influences. By comparing the morphological features of ancient animal remains with their wild counterparts, researchers can infer the extent of domestication.
Behavioral studies also contribute to our understanding of animal domestication. Ethnographic (the study of an individual culture) and ethnological (the comparitive study of multiple cultures) data from contemporary pastoralist and hunter-gatherer societies shed light on the social, ecological, and behavioral dynamics involved in animal domestication. Comparative behavioral studies between wild and domesticated animal populations help identify behavioral changes that occur during the process of domestication, including reduced fear response, increased social tolerance, and modified reproductive behaviors.Another valuable method is the analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA). Advances in genetic technology have allowed researchers to extract and analyze DNA from archaeological animal remains. Through ancient DNA analysis, researchers can identify genetic markers associated with domestication, such as changes in genes related to behavior, reproduction, and physiology. Comparative studies between ancient DNA samples from modern domesticated and wild animals can provide insights into the genetic transformations that occurred during the domestication process.
The Quest for Answers
While each technique brings valuable insights, no single method can definitively determine if an animal has been domesticated. Instead, the combination of multiple lines of evidence strengthens our understanding of the domestication process. Morphological changes provide tangible physical evidence of domestication, genetic analysis offers insights into the genetic basis of domestication, and behavioral studies illuminate the behavioral transformations associated with domestication.Case studies on different domesticated species, such as dogs, cows, and sheep, have provided significant insights into the process of domestication. The diversity of domesticated animals allows researchers to discern general patterns and unique characteristics associated with each species. Comparative analysis between species helps identify commonalities and differences in the domestication process, enriching our understanding of this remarkable human achievement.
Conclusion
The domestication of animals stands as a crucial development in human history, occurring alongside the rise of agriculture and shaping the trajectory of human civilization. While the development of agriculture laid the foundation for settled societies, the domestication of animals provided humans with valuable resources, enabling the growth of complex societies and transformative advancements. Through the analysis of animal remains using morphological, genetic, and behavioral techniques, researchers strive to decipher the mysteries of domestication. While no single method can provide a definitive answer, the integration of multiple approaches offers a comprehensive understanding of the complex and intricate process that marked the beginning of modern civilization.
Recommended Reading
These references should serve as a starting point for further exploration of the topic and provide you with more specific information and supporting literature.1. Diamond, J. (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company.
- This book explores the development of agriculture and its impact on human history, discussing the interplay between domestication, technology, and societal evolution.2. Zeder, M. A. (2012). The Domestication of Animals. Journal of Anthropological Research, 68(2), 161-190.
- This scholarly article provides an overview of the domestication of animals, discussing the methods used to identify domestication and the implications of this process on human societies.3. Larson, G., et al. (2014). Ancient DNA, Pig Domestication, and the Spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17), 6134-6139.
- This research article focuses on the use of ancient DNA analysis to investigate the domestication of pigs and its connection to the spread of agriculture in Europe.4. Clutton-Brock, J. (1999). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press.
- This book provides a comprehensive examination of the domestication of various mammal species, discussing the morphological, genetic, and behavioral changes associated with domestication.
Diagnosing the Dead: Tutankhamun
Thursday 5 January 2023 | 10-15 minute read
Updated: Tuesday 14 February 2023
"It was sometime before one could see, the hot air escaping caused the candle to flicker, but as soon as one's eyes became accustomed to the glimmer of light the interior of the chamber gradually loomed before one, with its strange and wonderful medley of extraordinary and beautiful objects heaped upon one another." - Howard CarterAncient Egypt is well-known for mummification, a process that produces remarkably well-preserved remains, many of which have persisted to the modern day. These remains allow a unique insight into the pathology (the causes and effects of disease and injury) of a civilisation that existed 3,000 years before our own. Modern-day palaeopathology incorporates cutting-edge techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans from medicine, polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) analysis from biology, and traditional techniques such as macroscopic examination from archaeology. One of the most famous pathology studies of ancient Egyptian remains was performed on perhaps the most famous Egyptian King, Tutankhamun.Tutankhamun, also referred to as ‘The Boy King’, lived circa 1330–1324 B.C. where he sustained a brief tenure of nine years as Pharaoh, dying at the age of 19 (Hawass et al., 2010). However, before the discovery of his tomb in 1922 by British archaeologist, Howard Carter (Figure 1), knowledge about the Boy King was scarce. The seemingly premature demise of the young Pharaoh and his absence of heirs led to intrigue and speculation regarding his means of death. In 1925, the initial examination of Tutankhamun was performed and recorded in diaries kept by Carter (Carter, 1926). Since then, several pathology studies have shed light on the health and death of Tutankhamun.This essay covers, in chronological order, the two main pathology studies performed on Tutankhamun which utilised X-ray, CT, and DNA analysis. In comparing the findings and their subsequent interpretations, the essay aims to answer the question ‘What did computed tomography tell us about the pathology and cause of death of Tutankhamun which X-ray did not?’
Figure 1. The examination of a coffin in Tutankhamun’s Tomb by Howard Carter and an Egyptian worker. Credit: Burton photograph 0770 © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, colourised by Dynamichrome.
X-ray imaging (1968)
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 and almost immediately used in an archaeological context, with various studies collecting mummy radiographs before the 20th century (König, 1896; Londe, 1897; Culin, 1898). Researchers realised that X-rays could help them differentiate between counterfeit and real mummies, as well as provide a non-invasive means of observing remains through the wrappings. Radiographs of Tutankhamun were collected in 1968 using portable X-ray apparatus (Harrison and Abdalla, 1972). Harrison outlines, in detail, the condition of Tutankhamun’s corpse, which had suffered significant damage from the initial examination in 1925. While various means of death have been speculated for Tutankhamun (a fall from a chariot, poisoning, a blow to the back of the skull etc.), analysis of the radiographs helped disprove the hypothesis that he was killed by a blow to the head (Figure 2). Instead, it is believed that this damage was caused by the initial examination in 1925 (Harrison and Abdalla, 1972; Boyer et al., 2003). For further reading, the reader is directed to Boyer et al. (2003), which provides a detailed critique of Harrison and Abdalla’s study.
Figure 2. A lateral view radiograph of the skull and cervical spine of Tutankhamun. Opaque layers of resin were introduced during the mummification process (black arrowheads). The bone fragments (straight arrow), more visible in the reversed contrast image (right), were likely dislodged during the initial examination in 1925. There is also physiological thinning of the floor of the posterior fossa (curved arrow). Credit: Boyer et al. (2003) and the University of Liverpool.
CT imaging (2005)
Much like conventional X-ray imaging, CT scans are a ubiquitous tool for medical imaging in a clinical setting, but they have also been used for the examination of mummies. It has been over four decades since the first CT scan of a mummy (Lewin and Harwood-Nash, 1977) and while the technique is popular for non-destructive and non-invasive mummy examination, its use has still come under strong critique (O’Brien et al., 2009). Zahi Hawass is an Egyptian archaeologist who has directed much of the research into Tutankhamun’s remains over the last two decades. In an article published in the National Geographic magazine, Hawass outlines how CT scans performed in 2005, and subsequent analysis, also determined that Tutankhamun did not die from a blow to the back of the head. Instead, the analysis suggested the hole in the back of his head was made during the mummification process which contrasts with the opinions of Harrison and Abdalla, and Boyer et al. outlined in the previous section. Hawass goes on to mention how his study hypothesised that Tutankhamun’s death could have occurred soon after developing a fracture in his left knee (Hawass, 2010). Furthermore, the artwork of Tutankhamun’s father, Akhenaten, portrays him with an elongated face and feminized features (Figure 3), indicative of a congenital disease, such as Marfan syndrome. However, CT scanning of Tutankhamun, and several mummies biologically related to him, revealed this was not the case. Instead, it is more likely that the artwork of the time offers a stylistic depiction of Akhenaten (Hawass et al., 2010).
How does a CT scan work? Source: NIBIB gov YouTube
Figure 3. A statue of Akhenaton from the temple of Aton (Karnak, Egypt) made circa 1353-1335 BCE. It has been hypothesised that his androgynous depiction is a “stylistic reflection of his identification with the God Aten, who was both female and male and thus the source of all life.” (Hawass, 2010). Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
While Hawass admits no novel findings were discovered in the trunk and skull of Tutankhamun’s mummy, one of the biggest discoveries from CT imaging, is that Tutankhamun’s left foot was clubbed (Figure 4) and that he also suffered from necrosis in his foot (Figure 5). The combination of these two conditions means that Tutankhamun would have had great difficulty walking unaided. This pathology is supported by the discovery of over 130 walking sticks or canes that were discovered in his tomb, some of which were worn, indicating their use (Reeves, 1990).
Figure 4. left (A) CT scans of Tutankhamun’s feet overlaid with Rocher angles (yellow) which show that the arch of the right foot is flat (132°) compared with that of the left (120°). A normal foot has a Rocher angle of 126°. (B) Supination and internal rotation of the left foot are observed in Tutankhamun’s feet which indicates a clubfoot. (Hawass et al., 2010).
Figure 5. right Yellow arrowheads indicate sites of necrosis. White arrowheads show displacement of the toe and widening of the joint space. Blue arrowheads indicate deformity and signs of necrosis. The right foot shows no pathological findings. (Hawass et al., 2010).
The BBC One documentary ‘Tutankhamun: The Truth Uncovered’ utilised the CT images of Tutankhamun to virtually reconstruct the appearance of the young Pharaoh (Figure 6)(Stubberfield, 2014). Furthermore, this documentary gave an insight into the imaging results generated by Hawass et al. (2010) which have not been released to the public. The images show an acute complex fracture of the left knee which is believed to be very closely related to Tutankhamun’s death. The team speculate that such a break would have likely become infected and brought about the demise of the young Pharaoh (Lovgren, 2006).
Figure 6. The corpse of Tutankhamun as seen by photography (left) and CT imaging (middle). These images were used to forensically reconstruct Tutankhamen, resulting in the computer-generated image shown (right) (Stubberfield, 2014).
A summary of the findings
While this essay is primarily concerned with the medical imaging of Tutankhamun, DNA analysis is an important supplementary technique which provides insight into the pathology and cause of death of The Boy King. However, a detailed discussion of DNA analysis is beyond the scope of this essay. Therefore, a summary of the findings collected between 1922 and 2010, including X-ray, CT, and DNA analysis results, have been provided in Table 1. PCR analysis verified Tutankhamun suffered from malaria tropica before his death. Genetic testing showed his parents were brother and sister, meaning he was the result of inbreeding, to which many of Tutankhamun’s anatomical pathologies could be attributed. It should be noted that incestuous relationships were common in the Egyptian royal family at this time due to the notion of bloodline purity.
| Body part | Method | Malformation, disease | Simplification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Head | CT | Cleft palate | |
| Head | X-ray | Teeth crowding, Mandibular retrognathia1 | Overbite1 |
| Thorax | CT | Mild kyphoscoliosis2 | Abnormal curvature of the spine on two planes2 |
| Pelvis and legs | CT | Acute complex knee fracture (left), mild clubfoot (left), chronic bone necrosis (left), pes planus3 (right), hypophalangism4 (right), Köhler disease II | Flat foot3, missing digits4 |
| Blood | PCR | Malaria tropica |
Table 1. Malformations and diseases of Tutankhamun as determined by various methods (Hawass et al., 2010; Hussein, Matin and Nerlich, 2013)
Discussion
From the X-ray images taken in 1968 which showed two intracranial bone fragments, it had been speculated that Tutankhamun was killed by a blow to the back of the head. However, researchers Harrison and Abdalla refuted this, explaining the bone fragments were likely a result of the initial examination in 1925. Later analysis confirmed this (Harris, 1980; Boyer et al., 2003). However, Hawass made the following comment in a National Geographic article which seemed to contradict other earlier statements by his research team: “Our analysis revealed that a hole in the back of his skull had been made during the mummification process” (Hawass, 2010). From the anatomical pathologies presented in Table 1, X-ray imaging has informed us of crowding of the teeth and mandibular retrognathia (overbite), which was also confirmed by CT imaging. However, the other anatomical pathology related to the head, the cleft palate, is a novel finding from CT imaging. The remaining anatomical pathologies in Table 1 (excluding malaria tropica) can be attributed to CT analysis.There are two particularly prominent findings from the CT images captured by Hawass et al. (2010); the club foot (Figure 4) and the acute complex fracture of the left knee. The clubfoot (and necrosis) means Tutankhamun would have struggled to walk, which portrays The Boy King in a different light than before. With the forensic reconstruction from the CT images, we can see how the Boy King may have truly appeared over 3,000 years ago during his rule (Figure 6). The second profound finding is the newly suggested cause of death, the fracture of the left knee. While the cause of the fracture is particularly difficult to deduce, it is believed that infection at the site of this wound is what ultimately led to Tutankhamun’s death (Lovgren, 2006). Hawass et al. (2010) officially reported that necrosis in conjunction with malarial infection was the most likely cause of death.It can be argued that the results of CT imaging hold more weight than those achieved by X-ray imaging. Both technologies provide anatomical information with minor differences, the key distinction is that CT can also detect and image soft tissue. However, it is important to note there are differences which make comparison difficult. For example, the imaging was performed 37 years apart with 73 years between the manufacture of the X-ray apparatus and the CT scanner utilised in the respective studies.
Artistic portrayals of Tutankhuman. Left A sculpture based on a 3D model made from CT images. Credit: Soura Films/Christian Corbet via Pen News (2022). Middle A computer-generated image made by forensic reconstruction from CT images (Hawass, 2005). Right Tutankhamun's face mask. Credit: Lynn Greyling.
Conclusion
While many of the radiopathology results have not yet been made publicly available, it is hard to dispute that the results of the CT imaging study have enabled us to know more about the pathology and cause of death of Tutankhamun than X-ray imaging. The initial examination in 1925 provided minimal pathological information and resulted in significant post-mummification damage, which negatively impacted the later X-ray results. The lack of pathological information acquired from the initial examination and the X-ray study led to the motivation for the CT scan. Fortunately, the research team were granted access to the mummy and a variety of pathologies were determined and some were confirmed. From the results briefly outlined in this essay we can conclude that the 2005 CT imaging has generated various novel pathologies which the 1968 X-ray imaging did not. Furthermore, CT imaging was able to exclude certain pathologies such as Marfan syndrome and allow forensic reconstruction to depict what King Tutankhamun might have looked like when he was alive.
References
Boyer, R. S. et al. (2003) ‘The Skull and Cervical Spine Radiographs of Tutankhamen: A Critical Appraisal’, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24(6), pp. 1142 LP – 1147.Braverman, I. M., Redford, D. B. and Mackowiak, P. A. (2009) ‘Akhenaten and the strange physiques of Egypt’s 18th dynasty.’, Annals of internal medicine. United States, 150(8), pp. 556–560.Carter, H. (1926) Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation, Howard Carter’s Diaries. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Culin, S. (1898) An archaeological application of the Roentgen rays. University of Pennsylvania.Harris, J. E. (1980) An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies. Edited by E. F. Wente. Chicago: University of Chicago.Harrison, R. G. and Abdalla, A. B. (1972) ‘The remains of Tutankhamun’, Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, 46(181), pp. 8–14.Hawass, Z. (2005) ‘Tutankhamun and the golden age of the Pharaohs’, National Geographic Society.Hawass, Z. et al. (2010) ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’, JAMA, 303(7), pp. 638–647. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.121.Hawass, Z. (2010) ‘King Tut’s Family Secrets’, National Geographic Society.Hussein, K., Matin, E. and Nerlich, A. G. (2013) ‘Paleopathology of the juvenile Pharaoh Tutankhamun-90th anniversary of discovery.’, Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology. Germany, 463(3), pp. 475–479.König, W. (1896) ‘14 Photographien mit Röntgen-Strahlen. Aufgenommen im physikalischen Verein zu Frakfurt A.M.’ Leipzig: Verlag van Johann Ambrosius Barth.Lewin, P. K. and Harwood-Nash, D. C. (1977) ‘Computerized axial tomography in medical archeology.’, Paleopathology newsletter. United States, (17), pp. 8–9.Londe, A. (1897) ‘Les rayons Roentgen et les momies’, La Nature, 25(2), pp. 103–105.Lovgren, S. (2006) ‘King Tut Died From Broken Leg, Not Murder, Scientists Conclude’, National Geographic Society.O’Brien, J. J. et al. (2009) ‘CT imaging of human mummies: a critical review of the literature (1979–2005)’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 19(1), pp. 90–98.Reeves, N. (1990) The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. London: Treasure.London, UK: Thames& Hudson;Stubberfield, T. (2014) ‘Tutankhamun: The Truth Uncovered’. UK: BBC One.
Culture
[Video] Natural History Documentaries: Top 10 FAQs Answered
Monday 11 September 2023 | 2 minute read
Natural history documentaries hold a special place in my mind as they are both educational and entertaining. They have the ability to enlighten me about the natural world while leaving me in a state of wonder and awe after each viewing. These documentaries transport us to places that many of us may never have the chance to visit in our lifetimes, bringing the sheer grandeur of nature right to our screens. When executed skillfully, these documentaries establish a deep connection between the viewer and the subject matter, fostering a sense of care and stewardship for our broader world.With this purpose in mind, I was enthusiastic about creating a video dedicated to natural history documentaries – and so I did. This video addresses ten of the most frequently asked questions about this genre, a topic I believed would provide valuable and insightful content for both myself and my audience. In this video, I systematically answer each question, drawing from a wide range of examples sourced from various natural history documentaries and related YouTube videos.Remaining true to my scientific approach, I conducted extensive research on these topics to ensure that the selected clips harmonized with the information I presented. Furthermore, I meticulously cited and referenced each clip used, not merely to safeguard against copyright issues, but rather to make it convenient and accessible for people to explore these clips further, with the hope of encouraging deeper engagement with the world of natural history.
Interview: Overcoming Musical Stagnation with Joanna from Digital Roses
Thursday 19 January 2023 | 10-15 minute read
The Attic Collection #1: Philosophy - What is it?
Monday 1 May | 10-15 minute read
Exploring Philosophical Concepts in the Anime Sonny Boy
Tuesday 16 May | 10-15 minute read
Exploring Philosophical Concepts in Sonny Boy
Tuesday 16 May | 10-15 minute read
The anime series Sonny Boy, which aired in 2021, captivated audiences with its thought-provoking narrative and unique approach to storytelling. Beyond its visually stunning animation and compelling characters, Sonny Boy delves into several philosophical concepts that invite us to reflect on the nature of reality, personal identity, the consequences of individual choices, and the search for meaning. This essay will provide a more in-depth exploration of the philosophical themes and ideas presented in Sonny Boy, highlighting their relevance and impact on the viewers' understanding of existence and the human experience. This essay is spoiler-free so you can watch the anime yourself and discover which ideas resonate with you.
The Fluidity of Reality
Sonny Boy challenges the notion of a fixed and predictable reality. The characters find themselves trapped in a mysterious alternate dimension with ever-changing rules, where the laws of physics and logic are constantly shifting. This fluidity of reality raises profound questions about the nature of truth, the limits of human perception, and the malleability of our surroundings. The anime prompts viewers to contemplate the idea that reality is not a fixed construct but rather a dynamic and ever-evolving phenomenon influenced by our perceptions and interpretations. It encourages introspection on the nature of reality and the extent to which our perceptions shape our understanding of the world around us.The concept of a fluid and subjective reality is reminiscent of the philosophical work of Immanuel Kant, who argued that our understanding of the world is constructed through our subjective experiences and perceptions. Kant's transcendental idealism suggests that reality is shaped by our mental faculties and that our understanding of the world is limited to our subjective interpretations. Sonny Boy aligns with Kantian philosophy by presenting a world where reality is subject to change, highlighting the subjective nature of our experiences and challenging the notion of an objective reality.
Personal Identity and Self-Discovery
Throughout the series, the characters in Sonny Boy grapple with questions of personal identity and self-discovery. Stripped of their familiar environments and roles, they are forced to confront their true selves and reassess their values, desires, and aspirations. The anime explores the idea that one's identity is not a fixed entity but rather a dynamic process influenced by circumstances and choices. It is valuable also for us, the audience, to consider who we are when we are removed from our roles (employee, student, mother, father, athlete etc.) and environment (workplace, school, home, sports club), in order to discover our deeper and truer personal identity.The concept of personal identity and its fluidity finds resonance in the philosophical works of Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre's existentialist philosophy emphasizes that human beings are not defined by predetermined characteristics but rather define themselves through their choices and actions. Sonny Boy aligns with Sartrean existentialism by depicting characters who undergo a transformative journey of self-discovery, shedding preconceived notions and societal expectations to embrace their authentic selves.Additionally, the exploration of personal identity in Sonny Boy resonates with the philosophical concept of "the Other" by Emmanuel Levinas. Levinas argues that our sense of self is not formed in isolation but is shaped by our encounters and relationships with others. The characters in Sonny Boy redefine their identities through their interactions with each other, highlighting the interconnectedness of personal identity and social relationships.
Freedom and Responsibility
Sonny Boy delves into the complex relationship between freedom and responsibility. As the characters navigate the alternate dimension and face various challenges, they come to realize the consequences of their actions and the weight of their choices. The anime prompts viewers to reflect on the ethical implications of personal freedom and the moral responsibility that accompanies it.The exploration of freedom and responsibility in Sonny Boy aligns with the philosophical ideas of Immanuel Kant once again. Kant's moral philosophy emphasizes the concept of moral autonomy, where individuals are free to make choices but are also bound by moral principles and duties. The characters in Sonny Boy must grapple with the consequences of their decisions, recognizing that even the smallest actions can have far-reaching effects.Furthermore, the concept of interconnectedness and the ripple effects of individual choices explored in Sonny Boy resonates with the ethical philosophy of consequentialism. Consequentialist philosophers such as John Stuart Mill argue that the morality of an action should be judged by its consequences. The characters' experiences in Sonny Boy exemplify the interconnectedness of human actions and highlight the moral implications of individual choices.
The Search for Meaning and Purpose
The quest for meaning and purpose is a central theme in Sonny Boy. As the characters find themselves in a bewildering world, they grapple with existential questions about the significance of their existence. The anime invites viewers to contemplate the search for meaning in their own lives and to reflect on the value of personal agency and self-determination.The exploration of meaning and purpose in Sonny Boy aligns with the existentialist philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche argued that individuals must create their own meaning and embrace their individual will to power. The characters in Sonny Boy embark on a journey of self-discovery and find meaning by embracing their unique identities and pursuing their passions.Moreover, the concept of human connection and empathy as a source of meaning in Sonny Boy resonates with the philosophical work of Martin Buber. Buber's philosophy emphasizes the importance of genuine and authentic relationships with others as a means to find meaning and fulfillment. Sonny Boy highlights the significance of human connection and empathy in the characters' search for purpose, aligning with Buber's philosophy of relational existence.
Conclusion
Sonny Boy goes beyond being just an entertaining anime and delves deep into philosophical concepts that challenge viewers to examine their own perspectives on reality, personal identity, freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning. Drawing on philosophical ideas from thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Paul Sartre, Emmanuel Levinas, John Stuart Mill, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Martin Buber, Sonny Boy provides a nuanced exploration of these concepts, encouraging introspection, philosophical reflection, and a deeper understanding of the complexities of the human experience.
Recommended Reading
The Fluidity of Reality:
Kant, Immanuel. "Critique of Pure Reason."
-This work explores Kant's transcendental idealism and his views on the subjective nature of reality.
Hawking, Stephen. "The Grand Design."
-Although not a philosopher, Hawking's book delves into the concept of a fluid and changing reality through the lens of theoretical physics.Personal Identity and Self-Discovery:
Sartre, Jean-Paul. "Being and Nothingness."
- This philosophical treatise by Sartre delves into existentialism and the idea that individuals define themselves through their choices and actions.
Levinas, Emmanuel. "Totality and Infinity."
- In this work, Levinas discusses the concept of "the Other" and the significance of interpersonal relationships in shaping personal identity.Freedom and Responsibility:
Kant, Immanuel. "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals."
- This ethical work by Kant explores the concept of moral autonomy and the moral responsibility that comes with individual freedom.
Mill, John Stuart. "Utilitarianism."
- Mill's consequentialist philosophy is discussed in this essay, highlighting the moral implications of individual choices and actions.The Search for Meaning and Purpose:
Nietzsche, Friedrich. "Thus Spoke Zarathustra."
- Nietzsche's existentialist ideas, including the concept of the will to power and the search for individual meaning, are explored in this philosophical novel.
Buber, Martin. "I and Thou."
- Buber's philosophy of relational existence, emphasizing the significance of genuine human connections and relationships.
The Attic Collection #1: Philosophy - What is it?
Monday 1 May | 10-15 minute read
"In the lives of most, and perhaps of all, of us there come moments of dejection, or even of despair, when the burden and the mystery of this unintelligible world come with such crushing weight upon us that, in spite of even religion itself, we ask, “What does it mean? What is the good of it all?” The questions are asked in a despair which implies that there is no meaning at all, and no good in life; or, that if there is, at any rate we cannot see it.But though the questions may be asked, and in moments of personal despair are asked, in a tone that implies that no satisfactory answer is or can be forthcoming; they may also be considered, in a calmer mood, as questions which call for reasoned answer, and with regard to which we must ask, as a matter of deliberation rather than despair, whether an answer is possible at all. Now, it is the calm consideration of these questions in a reflective mood, and of the answers that are to be given to them - if any answer can be given - that constitutes philosophy."
A Captivating Journey into the Essence of Philosophy
Rating: ★★★★☆ (4/5)"Philosophy: What is it?" by F.B. Jevons is a remarkable exploration of the fundamental questions that have perplexed humanity since time immemorial. With clarity and precision, Jevons takes readers on a captivating journey through the intricate terrain of philosophy, unraveling its essence and shedding light on its enduring significance.One of the most commendable aspects of this book is Jevons' ability to make complex philosophical ideas accessible to readers from all walks of life. The author possesses a unique talent for distilling intricate concepts into simple terms without compromising their depth and complexity. Whether you are a seasoned philosopher or a novice eager to delve into the subject, this book serves as an excellent starting point, introducing the key branches of philosophy and their respective concerns.Jevons begins by exploring the fundamental question of what philosophy actually is. By examining its etymology and tracing its historical development, he skillfully uncovers the multifaceted nature of this discipline. From metaphysics and epistemology to ethics and aesthetics, each branch of philosophy is examined with care, highlighting its distinct inquiries and the timeless debates that have shaped our understanding of the world.The book's strength lies in Jevons' ability to contextualize philosophical ideas within a broader intellectual and historical framework. He seamlessly weaves together insights from ancient philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, Renaissance thinkers like Descartes and Spinoza, and modern luminaries including Kant, Nietzsche, and Wittgenstein. By tracing the evolution of philosophical thought, Jevons creates a tapestry that allows readers to appreciate the interconnectedness of ideas and the ongoing dialogue that characterizes philosophical discourse.Additionally, "Philosophy: What is it?" prompts readers to engage actively with the material. Jevons encourages critical thinking and provides numerous thought-provoking questions and hypothetical scenarios throughout the book. This interactive approach fosters intellectual stimulation and enables readers to apply philosophical principles to real-life situations, challenging their assumptions and expanding their perspectives.However, it is worth noting that due to the book's concise nature, some topics and arguments are inevitably covered in a relatively brief manner. While Jevons admirably introduces the core concepts, readers seeking an in-depth analysis of specific philosophical problems may need to consult additional sources.In conclusion, "Philosophy: What is it?" by F.B. Jevons is a compelling introduction to the vast realm of philosophy. With its accessible prose and comprehensive approach, the book serves as an invaluable resource for those seeking to grasp the essence of philosophy and the questions that have shaped human thought. Jevons' ability to unravel complex ideas, provide historical context, and stimulate critical thinking makes this work a valuable addition to any philosopher's library, whether an aspiring enthusiast or an experienced scholar. I whole-heartedly recommend this book to anyone searching for an engaging introduction to Philosophy.
7 v Dopamine: The wider value of lifestyle challenges
Tuesday 23 May | 10-15 minute read
Some months back, my friend Max and I challenged ourselves to 1 week without our major sources of dopamine. Max is a videographer and made a video out of the experience, documenting the week. The video follows our journey and gives an insight into our lifestyle and thoughts during this period. The concept of 7 vs Dopamine was inspired by a famous German YouTube series called 7 vs Wild which “follows the experiences of seven YouTubers who have to survive on their own in the wild for seven days. They are only allowed to take seven preselected items with them and the clothing they wear. The participants have to persevere isolation and the moods of nature.” Inspired by this, we chose seven sources of dopamine to eliminate for seven days.I thought I would reflect on my experience during this week and how it expanded beyond the concept of dopamine withdrawal.
Dopamine and how it is exploited in the modern world
Interview: Overcoming musical stagnation with Joanna from Digital Roses
Thursday 19 January 2023 | 10-15 minute read
Updated: Monday 13 February
5 questions that may inspire you to view music differently and help you overcome musical stagnation
As I go through different stages of life, as too do I go through different phases of music. One eventual phase, I have found, is stagnation. Sometimes, I get into a rut and find myself listening to the same songs over and over again. Without that quintessential variety, I slowly become apathetic to music and it begins to lack the emotiveness that it once did. However, I consider this to be another step in our musical evolution, a step that requires a little effort to overcome. I found there were a few key questions that helped me to reinvigorate my enjoyment of music and I asked them to my close friend Joanna, a composer, and producer. Joanna is a part of Digital Roses, an emerging band that you can see live in London. If you are curious to try out some new music, you can catch their live performance on YouTube and keep up to date with their latest developments via Instagram. Update: Digital Roses have released their first song, Waterfalls, from their upcoming album Noise Petals over on Bandcamp.
In this article, I want to share with you the questions that helped me to overcome musical stagnation and the answers to these questions from Joanna. Let's dive in!
1. Why do you listen to music? What role does it play in your life?
Music plays a massive role in my life, but I’m painfully aware that when you’re bored with your music and stuck in a rut, the perceived value of music can be diminished. So, I think it raises the question: Why do you listen to music? Or more simply, we can ask ourselves why we would want music to play any role in our lives – what is the good in it? By answering these questions, I believe we can start to understand our musical taste a little better, and we can determine, in a sense, our musical philosophy. Here is what Joanna has to say:
"I have taken an interest in curating my own music taste even from a young age. I bought my first CD when I was around 8, that is I’m Not Dead by P!nk. Ever since then, I have had various forays into different genres and their respective fanbases. I continue to love listening to music because of the feelings it can conjure, the ideas it can open you up to, and the sonic worlds to which you can be introduced, which are nearly endless. I would say that music plays a very supportive role in my life in every sense of the word. I have felt comforted by music in times of hardship; I have felt inspired whilst amid creative prosperity and equally during periods of stagnation. I truly believe that, dramatic though this may sound, I would not be the person I am today without the influence that music has had in my life."
2. Why is music important?
Like any piece of media, I think it is important to address if there is any significance to it. The question I always ask myself when reading something is ‘Why should I care?’. So let us address that with the second question.
"For millennia, humans have used music as a form of storytelling and communication to be passed down from generation to generation. It is a uniquely bizarre phenomenon but one that has had an untold impact on the way humans evolved (in the cultural and social sense) and have lived their lives. What I believe to be the most important aspect of music is the joy it brings billions of people. It is a cultural blade that cuts through hardship and suffering. It helps us feel understood, to feel connected to each other and to something that can feel greater than ourselves. It has been used to represent the majesty of Gods and Rulers, to detail the minutia of the mundane things everyone has experienced and can relate to. I think that’s pretty fucking cool."
3. What adjectives would you use to describe music?
Next, perhaps we can define music for ourselves. What words would you use to describe music? Not information regarding the music such as its genre, this is more an abstraction of music, but how does music, as a whole, as a concept, feel to you?
"There are so many different approaches to music and, as a result, ways of describing it. You could take any adjective you can think of, and it would apply to a piece of music that has been made at some point. Even within its (not strictly) sonic limitations exists infinite scope for expressing any number of topics, emotions etc."
4. Why should we make the effort to listen to new music?
Now, we have asked ourselves the importance of music, we must dig deeper and ask ourselves why we should bother exposing ourselves to new music. For the most part, it’s as simple as avoiding the discomfort or displeasure that comes from being musically stagnant. But beyond avoiding a negative, is there perhaps more to be gained from musical diversity?
"In the interest of not sounding preachy and in the knowledge that I will regardless, I believe that the discovery of new music that ranges from being slightly to wildly different from what you find comfort in is an essential part of everyone’s spiritual enrichment. I do not believe you have to force yourself to listen to something you do not enjoy. Nobody on earth has that sort of time on their hands. But having the willingness to seek out new music that could enrich your life or even reinforce your love for the music you know is a worthwhile endeavour."
5. How do you diversify your music and escape looping playlists?
We have, to some extent, established an understanding of what music means to us. We’ve brought our subconscious thoughts to the surface and perhaps given form to our musical taste and philosophy. However, to help us build a more vivid picture, we need to expose ourselves to a wider variety of music. With this experience, we can trust good ol’ trial and error to determine what music works for us and what music does not. So how can we do that?
"I have found this increasingly difficult since introducing Spotify into my life back in 2019. I was stolidly the sort of person who would extol the virtues of listening to an album in full. Spotify has an essentially unending number of playlists in its arsenal to match every mood and taste. This genuinely becomes unending when you factor in the playlists that are algorithmically generated. That being said, there are excellent playlists, such as the Discover Weekly and the Release Radar, which change from week to week. These have allowed me to discover new music that would have otherwise completely passed me by. These are the playlists I play most frequently.Additionally, I have been slowly rediscovering my love of album listening, which is always a good way of breaking out of the loop of listening to the same music. This is particularly true when you cycle in new albums or ones that you have not yet heard. Checking music publications is another excellent way of discovering recently released music as well as retrospective articles about music released in the past, interviews with artists, listicles etc."
Together, I believe answering these questions can bring music to the forefront of our minds, and combined with action, allow us to overcome musical stagnation. I hope these questions along with Joanna's insight have helped you to (re)discover just how awesome music is and the beauty that comes with a diverse musical intake.Don't forget to follow Digital Roses on Instagram, watch their live performance on YouTube, and check out their music on Bandcamp. Finally, I wish you all the best in your personal music journey.
Blog
Being in Nature
Friday 21 June 2024 | 5 minute read
A sudden feeling washed over me today, on my first full day back home in quite some time. My parents are out, and I’m sitting on the hull of their canal boat — my home on the water for the last several years. The feeling that came over me was a reminder of the countryside, a connection with nature. I've been busy working lately, but I've also had the privilege to travel for work to Switzerland and visit Belgium, and now the UK for a holiday. It’s been a wild month. During this time, something became apparent to me: the sensation of being in urban places, places heavily, if not entirely, moulded by human hands. There’s an emotion, a feeling that we don’t have a precise description for in English, a feeling of being in the “modern world,” the everyday, where the limitations on life are present in both a physical and spiritual sense.I grew up on a rural-urban fringe, with access to many urban amenities as well as the countryside, with its hiking routes, forests, and landscapes — a ruggedness that is so often rejected by urban spaces. I spent much of my childhood with dirt beneath my fingernails and scraped legs. However, most of my life has drawn me to urban locations, owing to education and career opportunities. But in these places, there is a greater degree of concerted effort required to reach the peacefulness inherently granted by the countryside.As I sit here writing this, the small ripples of water pushed along by the wind seem to emanate endlessly, traveling to no predetermined destination. And through those very ripples, ducks carve their own path, the ripples of which are soon homogenised and disappear like footprints in the snow. The bushes that form a natural hedge line bask in the sunlight, animated gently by the passing breeze. A single bird sings its song from the reeds, its meaning unknown to me, but I find the soft performance of each chirp reassuring.Perhaps this feeling is not just one of being at peace in nature but more about observing the shift in my feelings since coming into it. Transitioning from the work-driven urban life, where the prospect of true freedom is wrapped in the tendrils of limited time and obligations, to finding myself in the countryside, free of these constraints. In a place where any hiking route starts from my front door, a place where the flow of time is modulated by ripples and gusts instead of clocks and meetings. An environment conducive to a slower, more mindful state of being.What, then, is the purpose of this reflection? I suppose it is simply an observation, one that serves as a reminder. A reminder to check in with myself and ask if the environment I’m in is conducive to the life I want. And if the answer is no, I have a starting point for what aspects I’d like to change. So, I think it’s good practice to occasionally ask myself, and answer honestly, the question: “Is the environment I’m in conducive to the life I want?” The natural extension of this is realising that while location is important, it is not the sole factor influencing our feelings. Instead of changing location, perhaps we can explore ways of changing our experience of that location. Finding and spending more time in other places, becoming more at peace with where we are, more aware of its strengths, and more accepting of its flaws. While we often want to escape to the countryside or to nature, we can introduce aspects of it into our urban life too. Not just material things, but a mindset or attitude towards living.
The Calm Ocean
Saturday 2 December 2023 | 2 minute read
I look to the future for a place of tranquility,
A place outside of myself,
A hypothetical I convince myself of.Yet just as vapid as the idea of a tomorrow,
This place that lies in the future is beyond my grasp,
With no clear path leading to it.While the now often feels like a tumultuous ocean,
through rose-tinted glasses, the ocean of the future is calm and tranquil.And somewhere along the line I started to consider;
what is stopping me from being happy in the now?
Building upon this, I started to think not of what prevents my happiness,
But rather, what causes it?
It was here, in this line of thought, that I realised happiness is a looking glass through which I can view the world,
perhaps more accurately, the eyes through which I see it, as it's within me.Happiness is not a choice, it's a continual effort,
A sometimes exhausting mentality to maintain,
but one that deserves the effort invested into it nonetheless.To learn about what makes you unhappy and to overcome or avoid it,
to learn about what makes you happy and finding the time and energy to expend on such things or ways of thinking.Happiness is a mentality that requires cultivation,
perhaps the seed has already been planted,
perhaps the sapling has sprouted but been neglected.
Regardless of the stage of development, it is necessary to continually nurture.
And as with all abilities brought about through cultivation,
the simple aspects of it become easier, automatic.
The daily routine that powers itself,
the energy taken from it is equal to or greater than the energy invested into it.
A perpetual motion machine of the mind.
Kindness towards strangers
Tuesday 14 March 2023 | 6 minute read
Videos constitute a significant portion of my media intake. Through videos, I am educated, entertained, inspired, and motivated. My brain, as the human brain tends to do, recently connected two dots which took the form of videos I had watched within the last couple of months. I had originally planned to write a blog post about the first video I encountered, and so I quickly wrote the idea down, along with a link to the video. Within the video, the interviewer asks strangers: “Who is one stranger that you still remember?” A simple question to which the answers evoke wonderful emotions of empathy and sonder. I have unashamedly taken a definition of sonder from the internet and provided it here: The profound feeling of realising that everyone, including strangers passing in the street, have a life as complex as one's own, which they are constantly living despite one's personal lack of awareness of it. My favourite line from the video comes towards the end, when one stranger says the following:“Knowing that there are people out there with the same kindness in their hearts, which you like to keep in yours, is a really comforting feeling.”This line was the source of inspiration for my original blog post. I wanted to write about our interactions with strangers and how most of us tend to reserve our kindness to those who we know intimately and are much more conservative with our kindness towards strangers. While this is, of course, a generalization, I think it is not a wild claim to make.A month or two had passed since the above-mentioned idea was first conceived, and I had not given it much consideration since. However, last week I came across a video that presented and broke-down an essay written by philosopher Peter Singer titled ‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’. To condense an entire essay and a 30+ minute video, the overarching proposal given by Singer is this: Affluent persons are morally obligated to donate far more resources to humanitarian causes than is considered normal in Western cultures. I think the most powerful phrase in this outline is “morally obligated”. Obligation in itself is a word that evokes the strongest of emotions, it is preposterous to most people to think we have any kind of obligation - I am always free to do as I please, obligated by nothing, this is the meaning of free will. However, Singer argues we are morally obligated to donate money to humanitarian causes, as not doing so is permitting the suffering of others less fortunate than ourselves. An interesting take on donating to charity, an act that many of us consider to be non-obligatory.Bringing these two ideas together, I see a common ground in our perception and interactions with strangers. For me, combining these two pieces of content states the importance of how we conduct ourselves in relation to people whom we are not intimately acquainted with. Perhaps, what distinguishes those close to us from strangers is the degree of kindness we offer them. However, I think this should not be the case. Instead, we should treat all individuals with the same level of respect, kindness, empathy, and care as we give to those we care the most for - a commonly heard sentiment. I think, in contrast to this, many of our modern world-wide problems stem from this inequality. For example, do you care equally for the suffering occurring on the other side of the world compared to that happening within your city? If not, I believe you are subscribing to a proximity-based model of empathy, and it is worth asking ourselves why we feel this way. Ultimately, it is a value system in which you value the suffering of those distant from you (emotionally or geographically) less than that of those closer to you. While you may already sense the angle I am approaching this from, I think this model can actually make sense - I do not think it is necessarily justified, but I can certainly see a logic in this type of thinking. Humans are innately tribal, so naturally we have a value system dependent on the proximity of individuals to us, emotionally and geographically. In the past, we were ignorant of the suffering happening worldwide, however, we are now more connected than ever and once we learn of the suffering happening to others, are we morally obligated to help?I think it is valuable, both to the individual and for humanity, to reframe our interactions with strangers. The first video shows us the impact we can have on the personal and proximal level, whereas the second video offers us more empathy, and it can motivate action to help those whom we may never see nor meet. Perhaps then, if we all carry an indiscriminate kindness in our hearts, we could experience that comforting feeling together.
The greatest story ever told - inherited will
Friday 20 January 2023 | 2 minute read
“These things cannot be stopped: inherited will, people's dreams, the ebb and flow of the ages. As long as people seek the answer to freedom, these will never cease to be!” – Gol D. RogerI think it is interesting to consider that you are the result of a very long line of people who have come before you: your parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and those whose names you will never know. Each of us has inherited our ancestor's will, a domino effect of influence passed down through the generations which leads us to want certain things from life. In a sense, fulfilling this will is a task which we never asked for but are nonetheless responsible for. Furthermore, one can step back and see that, as a collective, we who are now alive carry with us the will of all humanity. This will takes the form of every action, every hope, and every dream of every person who has ever existed. I believe that one hope they all shared was the desire to live in a better world. A better world is not one in which you have access to any material good your heart desires, wealth, status, or power. I think these kinds of desires stem from being ignorant of, or disconnected from, the whole – distinguishable from it but entirely inseparable. If we take this to the extreme and make ourself the supreme leader of the world, in doing so, those below us must suffer as we have imposed a hierarchy which ensures equality cannot exist. As a result, I am led to believe a better world is one in which all benefit. A hope, a dream, that is greater than the self but nonetheless driven by it.“Even if you extinguish their bloodline, their flame will never burn out. It has been passed down since ancient times and someday in the future, someone will appear, carrying the history of all those decades on their back and will challenge the world to a fight. [those of you that oppose] fear the coming war and the immense impact it will have worldwide. As soon as someone finds that great treasure, the entire world will be turned upside down. And someone will find it. That day will come, sooner or later.” - WhitebeardHopes and dreams are not inherited by blood, instead, I think they are passed on by how we live our lives and inherited by those who witness us. Each act, thought, hope and dream are inherited by the collective consciousness of humanity, so we must act, think, hope, and dream in accordance with the better world we wish to see. In doing so, we create this better world for ourselves. While not easy, it is at any moment attainable through assessing and reassembling our being. Once this is accomplished for the self, once the treasure has been found, your energy ripples out from you and is inherited. One by one, each individual embodies this better world before, eventually, all of humanity exists within it.You may have noticed the quote attributions seem a little strange, and that is because they come from the anime One Piece. Check out this link for the inspiration of this thought.
Humanity talks
Tuesday 17 January 2023 | 2 minute read
Last weekend, I called a friend of mine and, after a catch-up, the conversation drifted into various topics such as music, the impact of social media and advertisement, patriotism in the U.S.A., and the British royal family – a nice and light conversation. However, the topics themselves were not directly what inspired this thought. Following our chat, we shared how lovely it was to be able to hear each other’s insights into such topics – not only do we get to know each other’s opinions better, but also we get to know each other, as people, better. This reflection on our conversation made me realise how, when someone shares their opinions with me, I am most aware of their humanity. So, what do I mean by this?Despite being a rather obvious statement and at the risk of sounding like Skynet, I feel as though when one shares their opinions, thoughts, beliefs, and passions with me, I have the most insight into their mind. When I sit in the library and stare out the window facing the street, it is hard for me to believe all of those people have individuality, humanity, hopes and dreams, opinions and beliefs. From this perspective, they are one-dimensional. However, when you speak with a person, and I don’t mean simple pleasantries, you see their humanity shine through. Regardless of the validity of what they say and whether or not you agree, you see the individual inhabiting the body. Therefore, the opinion conveyed through speech, is a reflection of the individual: how they think, what they deem important, and the passion infused into the words. An opinion, therefore, can carry so much information about the person. As a result, I believe many people hold their tongues, both by holding back their opinion on a topic or their response to another’s opinion. In many regards, this is a perfectly appropriate course of action – sometimes we are ignorant about a certain topic or perhaps not confident in our own opinion. However, I think there is a huge danger to this. If you agree with me that when we put our mind to it, what we say reflects who we are, then as a result, biting our tongues is a kind of introversion. Introversion by extension is keeping your true self from others.The purpose of this thought is not to challenge others to talk more or be more extroverted, there are schools of thought that believe that not talking can bring us more spiritual enlightenment. The purpose of this thought is instead to realise that conversation is an incredible medium not only to convey our thoughts but to convey and understand ourselves. I think that when you see the world through a dark and unapproachable lens, not engaging with others, you are starved of the wonderful experience that is seeing the humanity of another person. A person who does not allow themselves to be intellectually, emotionally and, spiritually challenged in conversation, is like a limb that receives no blood – slowly it dies, before falling off and becoming disconnected from the whole.I can’t help but realise how much I have to say about this given the multifaceted nature of the topic, but for now, I think it’s worth stating my gratitude to all those kind enough to share their thoughts and, by extension, humanity with me.
Auld Lang Syne
Saturday 7 January 2023 | 1 minute read
The 7th of January is, for me, the day in which I uphold my personal tradition of 'Auld Lang Syne'. On this day, I celebrate the memory of the friends and family I've lost along my own journey of life - not necessarily lost to death, but through whatever circumstance, they are not with me today. I want to share a passage from which the idea for this was born:"We two have paddled in the stream, from morning sun till dine, but seas between us broad have roared since Auld Lang Syne"..."And I think about the many broad seas that have roared between me and the past -- seas of neglect, seas of time, seas of death. I'll never speak again to many of the people who loved me into this moment, just as you will never speak again to many of the people who loved you into your now. And so we raise a glass to them - and hope that perhaps somewhere, they are raising a glass to us." - John Green, The Anthropocene Reviewed.This is the inspiration for it all, to give recognition to and celebrate those who are no longer in our lives but have, in a small or large way, brought us to this present moment and helped mould us into the person we are today. And so to all of those people, past and present alike, I raise my glass to you, for Auld Lang Syne.
about me
I'm an early-career professional, committed to refining my skills and knowledge as I contribute to various fields. With a background in research and science communication, I aim to bridge the gap between complex topics and broader understanding through engaging content.I'm passionate about creating meaningful content, whether it's in the form of articles, podcast episodes, or videos. My skills are already pretty good, but I'm on a mission to make them even better. I'm constantly seeking ways to elevate my craft and bring more value to the table.My academic journey led me to an MSci in Natural Sciences from the University of Southampton. Here, I would engage in two seperate research projects before graduating.In my research work, I've delved into diverse subjects like cancer metabolism, liver disease, and mammalian regeneration potential. I've used advanced techniques such as photoacoustic imaging, PCR, and histochemistry to further scientific understanding. My research findings have been published in esteemed journals, including Scientific Reports.I've also gained international research experience at institutions like the University of Tsukuba and the Technische Universität Dresden. These experiences have broadened my horizons and deepened my understanding of the global scientific landscape.I'm excited about the opportunities ahead and look forward to making a meaningful impact on the world through the fusion of science and storytelling.Thanks for checking out my profile.You can also find out more about me on my LinkedIn page.
my scientific career
2022
Axolotl limb regeneration and metabolism
2021
Cancer metabolism and chemotherapy
2020
Tracking and treating atherosclerosis
2019
DNA origami functionalisation
contact me
For more information about myself or for potential work opportunities, please contact me through the form below - I look forward to talking with you.